Welcome Moms to the second trimester of pregnancy ! As you must have already started to notice, this trimester ( 13 to 27 weeks ) is the most comfortable and enjoyable time in pregnancy. The nausea and morning sickness of pregnancy now start to subside and the appetite returns. The baby bump usually does not show before the 20th week and hence you don’t feel bogged down by the weight of pregnancy. Not yet. Most women feel more energetic and better adjusted to the hormonal changes of pregnancy during the second trimester and hence this period has been rightly called the ‘Honeymoon period ‘ or rather the ‘Babymoon period ‘ of pregnancy.
Development of the baby in second trimester
The second trimester is the time for rapid differentiation & growth of the baby. The baby grows from a size of about 2.9 inches , weighing 23 gm to about 14.4 inches and weighing approx 800-900 gm by the end of second trimester. It really is a miracle how a small mass of cells in the beginning of pregnancy changes into a fully differentiated and well developed human during the antenatal period.
As the second trimester progresses, various organs of the body develop and differentiate to acquire optimal functional capacity in that tiny body which is growing rapidly . The baby’s kidneys start to function & from urine and the intestines take their normal position inside the abdomen. The baby’s skeleton develops gradually from the early part of second trimester and the bones may be seen on an Ultrasound scan. It is quite an emotional & exciting moment to witness your baby’s hand and limb movements in that all informative ultrasound scan and also to feel that first baby movement at around 18-20 weeks ! The baby’s eyes and ears get fully formed and baby can hear muffled sounds as early as 18th week of pregnancy although he/she may respond to your voice only by 25th week. The fingernails and fingerprints develop and the baby’s hair are visible as soft , lanugo hair by 22nd week. By the 24th week, the baby develops regular sleep and waking cycles and grows real hair. The lungs and nervous system of the baby are growing and maturing rapidly at this stage and new milestones are reached and crossed every week .
Diet and Nutrition in Second Trimester
The importance of a balanced diet in pregnancy cannot be overemphasized. Good nutrition is necessary not only to meet the mother’s energy requirements, but also to supply the raw materials for the development and growth of the baby and to build energy reserves for the post delivery lactation period. Since the baby is growing quite fast , the dietary requirements of various nutrients like Calcium, Iron, Vitamin D, Omega 3 fatty acids, Folic acid, vitamins and minerals also quite high at this time. Generally speaking, the daily diet in a pregnant woman should contain the following :
- 4-5 servings of fruits and vegetables- This includes fresh/dried/frozen fruits and fruit juices alongwith seasonal vegetables & green/leafy veggies ( spinach, kale, cabbage, broccoli etc)
- Starchy, wholegrain carbohydrates in the form of chapatti, pasta, bread, cereals, rice and fortified cereals to be taken in every meal.
- 3-4 servings of Low fat dairy products like milk, curd, yoghurt, buttermilk etc.
- 2-3 servings of high protein foods such as eggs, poultry, beans, lentils, soyabeans, lean meat and fish ( prefer oily fish like salmon, tuna etc and consume no more than twice a week )
- Only a minute amount of Unsaturated oils & fats
- Drink 8-10 glasses of water everyday
It is recommended to consume frequent small meals including a variety of food items throughout the day rather than restricting the dietary intake to 2 or 3 large meals during the day.
Since certain cooking methods and dietary habits may destroy the nutrients in the food items, it is also recommended to take regular supplements for various essential components like Iron, Calcium, Vitamin D , Omega 3 fatty acids, DHA, Folic acid and multivitamins during pregnancy. Your doctor may suggest the necessary supplements and various fortified food products at various stages of pregnancy to ensure that your body demands are fulfilled and to ensure adequate growth of the baby.
Foods to avoid in pregnancy
While it is important to eat the right food items, it is also important to avoid certain harmful dietary habits in pregnancy :
- Smoking and alcohol are proven to be detrimental to the baby’s growth and hence should be completely avoided in pregnancy
- Excess of caffeine ( more than 200 mg/day ) can be harmful
- Liver and liver products like Cod liver oil, may contain toxic amounts of vitamin A and hence should be avoided
- Large fish like Shark, Swordfish, Marlin etc may contain high amount of mercury which can be harmful for the neurological development
- Unpasteurised milk/ milk products, wet cheese, undercooked meat/eggs/fish, can lead to infection . So make sure you cook your food well, wash the fruits and vegetables properly .
The second trimester is often called the ‘Bloom time ‘ of pregnancy and you can make the most of it by eating right, staying active and enjoying your pregnancy to the fullest. So indulge yourself, go out and celebrate this blissful period.